The Board unanimously approved the release of three Notices of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRs) for Basel III and the final rule for Basel 2.5. Basel III requires that a bank hold 4.5% of its risk-weighted assets (RWA) as common equity (up from 2% in Basel II) and 6% as Tier 1 capital (up from 4% in Basel II). Total capital (Tier 1 plus Tier 2) must be at least 8% of RWA. Additionally, Basel III requires that banks hold another 2.5% capital buffer, made up of common equity. Restrictions are also to be imposed on what assets can be counted toward Tier 1 capital.
The Board is under the impression that most banks already meet these requirements at the present time (especially those under $10 B). The approach for calculating risk weighted assets would also change the treatment of residential mortgages, making it more risk-sensitive. Under the NPR, residential mortgages are divided into two categories and the risk weights would depend heavily on LTV and would range from 35%-200%, while High Volatility Commercial Real Estate Exposure (HVCRE) risk weights would jump to 150% from 100%. Governor Elizabeth Duke raised concerns about this portion of the proposed rule reducing the willingness of banks to make mortgage loans.
While the new capital rules won’t take effect until 2019, concerns have been expressed by both industry and some Fed governors, that such an increase in capital requirements would have negative economic effects, as there would be less capital available to lend. The Fed’s rule-writing staff said that these effects were likely to be modest and would largely be mitigated by having a long phase-in period. Furthermore, the staff said that banks could largely meet requirements via retained earnings, and would probably not have to issue more equity.
The Federal Reserve surprised the banking industry by forcing even the smallest lenders to comply with Basel III -- all 7,307 U.S. banks. Many bankers had expected regulators to exempt smaller, community bank lenders. While the core Basel III rules will apply to all banks, other aspects of the new regime single out the biggest, most complex banks for tougher treatment than their smaller peers. The banks will have more than six years to fully comply with the new rules, with the phase-in period starting next year.
Potential Impact on Credit Capacity
While the goal of the new regime is commendable, requiring banks to hold far more capital to prevent financial disaster could further exacerbate credit challenges for real estate and broader credit capacity. There is grave concern among many in the banking community that stricter capital rules may curb economic growth by making it more expensive to lend.
As proposed, there is concern that the measure is not appropriately calibrated and could lead to disproportionately higher borrowing costs for commercial real estate borrowers. Setting excessive capital requirements will limit the availability of funds that support new investments and job creation – particularly for commercial real estate.
The current risk weight under Basel II for commercial real estate loans, including acquisition, development and construction (ADC) loans, is generally 100%. However, the Accord permits regulators the discretion to assign mortgages on office and multi-purpose commercial properties, as well as multi-family residential properties, in the 50% basket subject to certain prudential limits. Under Basel I, commercial real estate was assigned to the 100% basket. The proposed Basel III measure would increase the risk weighting to 150% for High Volatility Commercial Real Estate Exposure (HVCRE) and, which could also deter banks from making real estate loans and reduce credit capacity.
Importantly, however, the NPR specifically permits regulators the discretion to exempt certain commercial real estate collateral from HVCRE treatment that fall under certain guidelines. Such collateral would generally be treated as corporate debt position, with a 100% risk weighting. These CRE exemptions would apply to:
(1) One- to four-family residential property; or
(2) Commercial real estate projects in which:
(i) The LTV ratio is less than or equal to the applicable maximum supervisory LTV ratio in the agencies’ real estate lending standards;
(ii) The borrower has contributed capital to the project in the form of cash or unencumbered readily marketable assets (or has paid development expenses out-of-pocket) of at least 15 percent of the real estate's appraised “as completed” value; and
(iii) The borrower contributed the amount of capital required under paragraph 2(ii) of this definition before the banking organization advances funds under the credit facility, and the capital contributed by the borrower, or internally generated by the project, is contractually required to remain in the project throughout the life of the project. The life of a project concludes only when the credit facility is converted to permanent financing or is sold or paid in full. Permanent financing may be provided by the banking organization that provided the ADC facility as long as the permanent financing is subject to the banking organization's underwriting criteria for long-term mortgage loans.
Next Steps
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) must also review the proposed Basel rules before they take effect, and are expected to do so on June 12th. Comments on the three NPRs' will be due on September 7, 2012.
NAR is currently reviewing the measure and its potential impact on commercial and residential real estate credit capacity. We are already working with a number of industry groups to develop consensus viewpoints in an effort to begin raising concerns about the economic consequences of proposed rules in advance of the comment deadline.
The documents may be found at CLICK HERE
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